Author Topic: chromium & diabetes  (Read 13105 times)

Jhanananda

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chromium & diabetes
« on: October 24, 2014, 05:46:36 PM »
I had an interesting conversation with a friend in Prescott last weekend, who reminded me that nutritional yeast had a high chromium content; and chromium deficiency is common among diabetics.  It just so happens that I used to put nutritional yeast on everything I ate for 30 years, then about 10 years ago I stopped, because I could not justify spending money on food.  Five years later I was diagnosed with diabetes. 

It seems reasonable to me that I had a high chromium blood count during the period I was taking nutritional yeast in my diet, and it took 5 years for depletion of chromium to occur.  So, I bought a bag of nutritional yeast yesterday and I am now adding about 1 heaping Table spoon of it to everything that I eat.

Elevated Intakes of Supplemental Chromium Improve Glucose and Insulin Variables in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes.

Chromium in the prevention and control of diabetes.

Chromium, Glucose Intolerance and Diabetes

Role of Chromium in Human Health and in Diabetes

Potential Antioxidant Effects of Zinc and Chromium Supplementation in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The effects of chromium supplementation on serum glucose and lipids in patients with and without non-insulin-dependent diabetes

Beneficial Effect of Chromium-rich Yeast on Glucose Tolerance and Blood Lipids in Elderly Subjects
Quote
SUMMARY

Twenty-four volunteers, mean age 78, including eight mildly non-insulin-dependent diabetics, were randomly allocated to one of two groups and were fed (daily for 8 wk) 9 g of either chromium-rich brewers' yeast (experimental) or chromium-poor torula yeast (control). Before and after yeast supplementation, the serum glucose and insulin response to 100 g oral glucose was measured at 30 min intervals for 2 h. Fasting serum cholesterol, total lipids, and triglycerides were also determined. In the total experimental group (normals + diabetics) and in both the diabetic and nondiabetic experimental subgroups, glucose tolerance improved significantly and insulin output decreased after supplementation. Cholesterol and total lipids fell significantly after supplementation in the total experimental group. The cholesterol decrease was particularly marked in hypercholesterolemic subjects (cholesterol > 300 mg/dl). In the control group, no significant change in glucose tolerance, insulin, triglycerides, or total lipids was found. Cholesterol was significantly lowered in the nondiabetic but not in the diabetic group. Thus, chromium-rich brewers' yeast improved glucose tolerance and total lipids in elderly subjects, while chromium-poor torula yeast did not. An improvement in insulin sensitivity also occurred with brewers' yeast supplementation. This supports the thesis that elderly people may have a low level of chromium and that an effective source for chromjum repletion, such as brewers' yeast, may improve their carbohydrate tolerance and total lipids. The improvement in serum cholesterol in some control subjects, as well as in the total experimental group, also suggests the presence of a hypocholesterolemic factor other than chromium in both brewers' and torula yeast.
« Last Edit: November 04, 2014, 03:55:32 PM by Jhanananda »
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Re: chromium & diabetes
« Reply #1 on: November 04, 2014, 04:08:24 PM »
Continuing to take the 1 heaping table spoon of nutritional yeast every day with my meals I found that after 6 days on it that my fasting blood sugar had dropped 35 points.  I then re-read the abstract for the article Beneficial Effect of Chromium-rich Yeast on Glucose Tolerance and Blood Lipids in Elderly Subjects and found that the researchers had used a dose of 9g of chromium-rich brewers' yeast, so I got out a gram scale and found that 9g of chromium-rich brewers' yeast is 2 heaping table spoons, so I increased my daily dose of chromium-rich brewers' yeast to 2 heaping table spoons. 

The next day I found my fasting blood sugar had dropped another 10 points.  Today I found my fasting blood sugar had dropped another 20 points, which makes it almost normal.  This is a continued lowering of my fasting blood sugar over a 12 day period.

The conclusion, is a daily dose of 9g of chromium-rich brewers' yeast will effectively lower my fasting blood sugar.  So, I will remain on this dose until further data suggests otherwise.  It also means that the reason why my diabetes arose was due to Chromium deficiency.
« Last Edit: November 04, 2014, 04:15:04 PM by Jhanananda »
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Sam Lim

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Re: chromium & diabetes
« Reply #2 on: November 04, 2014, 06:45:05 PM »
I have been taking chromium supplements but it does not seems to work so well. I will try to get some organic brewer's yeast and see how it goes. My blood glucose is below 100 or 5.5.

Jhanananda

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Re: chromium & diabetes
« Reply #3 on: November 04, 2014, 11:33:43 PM »
If your blood glucose is below 100, then you are good.  But, brewer's yeast has other benefits, such as B complex.
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Re: chromium & diabetes
« Reply #4 on: November 05, 2014, 02:58:51 PM »
This morning my fasting blood sugar level was 114, which is enough the same as yesterday's reading to indicate that there has been no further drop in blood sugar level since the day before.  I have noticed that with the dramatic lowering of my blood sugar from intake of nutritional yeast over the last 2 weeks that there has been no unpleasant side effects.

With success in lowering my blood sugar, this morning I did some more research on chromium.  I found a couple of tables worth looking at.  Please see below. 

Note that red wine has one of the highest levels of chromium among foods at half that of Brewer's yeast, but 1/4 that of Egg yolk.  So egg yokes are the big winner, but I have been eating 3 eggs a day, and drinking red wine, for 6 months without a significant lowering of my blood sugar, but 2 weeks on Brewer's yeast has made a huge difference.  On the other hand, I ate 1/2 as many eggs yesterday as I normally do, so the lack of blood sugar lowering might be due to the fewer eggs in my diet yesterday.

Chromium Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet
Quote
Chromium: What is it?

Chromium is a mineral that humans require in trace amounts, although its mechanisms of action in the body and the amounts needed for optimal health are not well defined. It is found primarily in two forms: 1) trivalent (chromium 3+), which is biologically active and found in food, and 2) hexavalent (chromium 6+), a toxic form that results from industrial pollution. This fact sheet focuses exclusively on trivalent (3+) chromium.

Chromium is known to enhance the action of insulin [1-3], a hormone critical to the metabolism and storage of carbohydrate, fat, and protein in the body [4]. In 1957, a compound in brewers' yeast was found to prevent an age-related decline in the ability of rats to maintain normal levels of sugar (glucose) in their blood [3]. Chromium was identified as the active ingredient in this so-called "glucose tolerance factor" in 1959 [5].

Chromium also appears to be directly involved in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism [1-2,6-11], but more research is needed to determine the full range of its roles in the body. The challenges to meeting this goal include:

Chromium is widely distributed in the food supply, but most foods provide only small amounts (less than 2 micrograms [mcg] per serving). Meat and whole-grain products, as well as some fruits, vegetables, and spices are relatively good sources [12]. In contrast, foods high in simple sugars (like sucrose and fructose) are low in chromium [13].

Dietary intakes of chromium cannot be reliably determined because the content of the mineral in foods is substantially affected by agricultural and manufacturing processes and perhaps by contamination with chromium when the foods are analyzed [10,12,14]. Therefore, Table 1, and food-composition databases generally, provide approximate values of chromium in foods that should only serve as a guide.
Table 1: Selected food sources of chromium [12,15-16] Food    Chromium (mcg)
Broccoli, ½ cup    11
Grape juice, 1 cup    8
English muffin, whole wheat, 1    4
Potatoes, mashed, 1 cup    3
Garlic, dried, 1 teaspoon    3
Basil, dried, 1 tablespoon    2
Beef cubes, 3 ounces    2
Orange juice, 1 cup    2
Turkey breast, 3 ounces    2
Whole wheat bread, 2 slices    2
Red wine, 5 ounces    1–13
Apple, unpeeled, 1 medium    1
Banana, 1 medium    1
Green beans, ½ cup    1
Quote
What are recommended intakes of chromium?

Recommended chromium intakes are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences [14]. Dietary Reference Intakes is the general term for a set of reference values to plan and assess the nutrient intakes of healthy people. These values include the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and the Adequate Intake (AI). The RDA is the average daily intake that meets a nutrient requirement of nearly all (97 to 98%) healthy individuals [14]. An AI is established when there is insufficient research to establish an RDA; it is generally set at a level that healthy people typically consume.

In 1989, the National Academy of Sciences established an "estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake" range for chromium. For adults and adolescents that range was 50 to 200 mcg [17]. In 2001, DRIs for chromium were established. The research base was insufficient to establish RDAs, so AIs were developed based on average intakes of chromium from food as found in several studies [14].

Adult women in the United States consume about 23 to 29 mcg of chromium per day from food, which meets their AIs unless they're pregnant or lactating. In contrast, adult men average 39 to 54 mcg per day, which exceeds their AIs [14].

The average amount of chromium in the breast milk of healthy, well-nourished mothers is 0.24 mcg per quart, so infants exclusively fed breast milk obtain about 0.2 mcg (based on an estimated consumption of 0.82 quarts per day) [14]. Infant formula provides about 0.5 mcg of chromium per quart [18]. No studies have compared how well infants absorb and utilize chromium from human milk and formula [10,14]...

CHROMIUM CONTENT OF SOME FOODS
FOOD      CHROMIUM CONTENT FOOD
  (micrograms per 100 grams of food)

Egg yolk 183
Brewer's yeast 112
Beef 57
Cheese 56
Liver 55
Wine 45
Bread, wholemeal, wheat 42
Black pepper 35
Rye bread 30
Chilli, fresh 30
Apple peel 27
Potatoes, old 27
Oysters 26
Potatoes, new 21
Margarine 18
Spaghetti 15
Cornflakes 14
Spirits 14
Butter 13
Spinach 10
Egg white 8
Oranges 5
Beer 3-30
Apples, peeled 1

Handbook of Seafood and Seafood Products Analysis
« Last Edit: November 05, 2014, 04:22:29 PM by Jhanananda »
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Re: chromium & diabetes
« Reply #5 on: November 06, 2014, 12:40:23 AM »
I eat 3 whole eggs daily as well. I fry them in coconut oil. It's natures perfect food. I hope that your theory on the correlation between blood sugar levels and eggs turns out to be false. It would be a shame  to have to  remove them from your diet.

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Re: chromium & diabetes
« Reply #6 on: November 06, 2014, 03:30:07 PM »
I eat 3 whole eggs daily as well. I fry them in coconut oil. It's natures perfect food. I hope that your theory on the correlation between blood sugar levels and eggs turns out to be false. It would be a shame  to have to  remove them from your diet.
No I am not saying that there is a problem with egg yokes and chromium.  I am saying that egg yokes contain significantly more chromium than yeast.  I too have been eating 3 eggs a day for at least 6 months with no apparent reduction in my blood sugar level. Then I added 2 tablespoons of yeast to my diet and had my daily blood sugar drop about 80 points. So, I am confused why?  Perhaps I should have been eating 6 eggs a day, or possibly yeast has other factors in it that eggs do not have for lowering blood sugar. 

My blood sugar level this morning was 118.  So, my daily blood sugar level has stabilized at about 115, which is about 85 points lower in 2 weeks on yeast. 

I would like to bring down my daily fasting blood sugar level to normal which is about 85. So I plan to start eating 6 eggs a day for a week to see if that decreases my blood sugar further.  If it does not, then I plan to go back to 3 eggs a day, and add another table spoon full of yeast to my diet to see if doing so will bring my blood sugar to normal.
Quote from: wiki
Eggs are laid by female animals of many different species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish, and have been eaten by humans for thousands of years.[1] Bird and reptile eggs consist of a protective eggshell, albumen (egg white), and vitellus (egg yolk), contained within various thin membranes. Popular choices for egg consumption are chicken, duck, quail, roe, and caviar, but the egg most often consumed by humans is the chicken egg.

Egg yolks and whole eggs store significant amounts of protein and choline,[2][3] and are widely used in cookery. Due to their protein content, the United States Department of Agriculture categorizes eggs as Meats within the Food Guide Pyramid.[2]

Chickens and other egg-laying creatures are widely kept throughout the world, and mass production of chicken eggs is a global industry. In 2009, an estimated 62.1 million metric tons of eggs were produced worldwide from a total laying flock of approximately 6.4 billion hens.[4] There are issues of regional variation in demand and expectation, as well as current debates concerning methods of mass production.

This is significant. So, there might be something in eggs that exacerbated diabetes undermining the value of the chromium in eggs.  This might explain why eating 3 eggs a day did nothing to lower my blood sugar.
Quote from: wiki
Type 2 diabetes

Studies have shown conflicting results about a possible connection between egg consumption and type two diabetes. A 1999 prospective study of over 117,000 people by the Harvard School of Public Health concluded, in part, that "The apparent increased risk of CHD associated with higher egg consumption among diabetic participants warrants further research."[42] A 2008 study by the Physicians' Health Study I (1982–2007) and the Women's Health Study (1992–2007) determined the “data suggest that high levels of egg consumption (daily) are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.”[43] However, a study published in 2010 found no link between egg consumption and type 2 diabetes.[44] A meta-analysis from 2013 finds that each 4 eggs per week that are added to the diet increase the risk of diabetes by 29%.[45] Another meta-analysis from 2013 also supported the idea that egg consumption may lead to an increased incidence of type two diabetes mellitus.[46]

Egg Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men and Women
Quote
RESULTS—During mean follow-up of 20.0 years in men and 11.7 years in women, 1,921 men and 2,112 women developed type 2 diabetes. Compared with no egg consumption, multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for type 2 diabetes were 1.09 (95% CI 0.87–1.37), 1.09 (0.88–1.34), 1.18 (0.95–1.45), 1.46 (1.14–1.86), and 1.58 (1.25–2.01) for consumption of <1, 1, 2–4, 5–6, and ≥7 eggs/week, respectively, in men (P for trend <0.0001). Corresponding multivariable hazard ratios for women were 1.06 (0.92–1.22), 0.97 (0.83–1.12), 1.19 (1.03–1.38), 1.18 (0.88–1.58), and 1.77 (1.28–2.43), respectively (P for trend <0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS—These data suggest that high levels of egg consumption (daily) are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. Confirmation of these findings in other populations is warranted.

Egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: A meta-analysis
Quote
Highlights

    •Egg consumption increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases in a dose–response manner, especially in patients with diabetes.
    •There is a dose–response positive relationship between egg consumption and the risk of diabetes.
    •Individuals in other western countries seem to have a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases than the ones in the USA under high egg consumption.

Results

Fourteen studies involving 320,778 subjects were included. The pooled RRs of the risk of CVD, CVD for separated diabetes patients, and diabetes for the highest vs lowest egg intake were 1.19 (95% CI 1.02–1.38), 1.83 (95% CI 1.42–2.37), 1.68 (95% CI 1.41–2.00), respectively. For each 4/week increment in egg intake, the RRs of the risk for CVD, CVD for separated diabetes patients, diabetes was 1.06 (95% CI 1.03–1.10), 1.40 (95% CI 1.25–1.57), 1.29 (95% CI 1.21–1.37), respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that population in other western countries have increased CVD than ones in USA (RR 2.00, 95% CI 1.14 to 3.51 vs 1.13, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.30, P = 0.02 for subgroup difference).
Conclusions

Our study suggests that there is a dose–response positive association between egg consumption and the risk of CVD and diabetes.

Egg consumption in relation to risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis1,2,3
Quote
Results: A total of 22 independent cohorts from 16 studies were identified, including participants ranging in number from 1600 to 90,735 and in follow-up time from 5.8 to 20.0 y. Comparison of the highest category (≥1 egg/d) of egg consumption with the lowest (<1 egg/wk or never) resulted in a pooled HR (95% CI) of 0.96 (0.88, 1.05) for overall CVD, 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) for ischemic heart disease, 0.93 (0.81, 1.07) for stroke, 0.98 (0.77, 1.24) for ischemic heart disease mortality, 0.92 (0.56, 1.50) for stroke mortality, and 1.42 (1.09, 1.86) for type 2 diabetes. Of the studies conducted in diabetic patients, the pooled HR (95% CI) was 1.69 (1.09, 2.62) for overall CVD.

Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests that egg consumption is not associated with the risk of CVD and cardiac mortality in the general population. However, egg consumption may be associated with an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes among the general population and CVD comorbidity among diabetic patients.
« Last Edit: November 07, 2014, 03:24:57 PM by Jhanananda »
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Re: chromium & diabetes
« Reply #7 on: November 07, 2014, 03:36:33 PM »
So, yesterday I had 4 eggs, and my blood sugar level this morning was 125, which supports the findings that eggs, even though they are low carb, and high in chromium; nonetheless increase blood sugar level.
Quote from: wiki
Chicken egg
whole, hard-boiled Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Carbohydrates 1.12 g
Fat 10.6 g
Protein 12.6 g
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Re: chromium & diabetes
« Reply #8 on: November 08, 2014, 03:05:43 PM »
Continuing to use up the eggs that I have, and pursue this study, yesterday I had 3 eggs, and my blood sugar level this morning was 120, which supports the findings that eggs, even though they are low carb, and high in chromium; nonetheless increase blood sugar level.  Today I plan to eat 2 eggs, and I expect to see my blood sugar lower tomorrow morning.

Realizing that the egg might just be the source of my diabetes, then it suggests that eggs might cause the same problem for others, and research supports this, so I thought I would look into the history of egg consumption, which in western culture is often tied with the history of home milk delivery.
Quote from: wiki
A milkman is a person who delivers milk in milk bottles or cartons. Truck drivers who transport milk from a farm to a milk processing plant are also known as milkmen. Raw milk is picked up daily, or every other day.[1]

Milk deliveries frequently occur in the morning and it is not uncommon for milkmen to deliver products other than milk such as eggs, cream, cheese, butter, yogurt or soft drinks.

Originally, milk needed to be delivered to houses daily since the lack of good refrigeration meant it would quickly spoil. The near-ubiquity of refrigerators in homes in the developed world, as well as improved packaging, has decreased the need for frequent milk delivery over the past half-century and made the trade shrink in many localities sometimes to just 3 days a week and disappear totally in others. Additionally, milk delivery incurs a small cost on the price of dairy products that is increasingly difficult to justify and leaves delivered milk in a position where it is vulnerable to theft.

In some areas apartments would have small milk delivery doors. A small wooden cabinet inside of the apartment, built into the exterior wall, would have doors on both sides, latched but not locked. Milk or groceries could be placed in the box by a milkman, and collected by the homeowner.

In various countries
In recent times, British, Irish, and other European milkmen have traveled in an electric vehicle called a milk float, except on rural rounds. Earlier, milkmen used horse-drawn vehicles; in Britain these were still seen in the 1950s. In parts of the U.S., they continued at least into the 1960s. In Australia the delivery vehicle was usually a small gas or diesel engined truck with a covered milk-tray. In hotter areas, this tray is usually insulated.

In the United States and Canada, houses of that era often had a "milk chute" built into an outside wall, a small cabinet with a door on the outside for the milkman to place the milk bottles, and a door on the inside for a resident to retrieve the bottles. Thus the milkman could deliver the milk without entering the home, and the resident could retrieve the milk without going outside. While rare, milk delivery does still occur in the United States. In 2005 about 0.4% of consumers had their milk delivered, and a handful of newer companies had sprung up to offer the service.[2]
New England virtual dairy history From Dairy to Doorstep

The Oberweis story, how it began, fills the gaps left in the above histories.
Quote from: Oberweis
In 1915, Peter J. Oberweis found that he had too much milk so he began selling it to neighbors. In essence, the family dairy business that now spans almost 100 years had begun.

The Oberweis family has been delivering milk to homes since 1927 when Peter bought a half partnership in the Big Woods Dairy.

It appears that egg delivery was part of milk delivery, and home milk delivery in the western nations became common from about 1920 on.
« Last Edit: November 08, 2014, 03:46:16 PM by Jhanananda »
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Re: chromium & diabetes
« Reply #9 on: November 08, 2014, 05:20:46 PM »
Try eating egg yokes only. Maybe there's an ingredient in egg white that is the culprit.

Sam Lim

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Re: chromium & diabetes
« Reply #10 on: November 08, 2014, 05:46:14 PM »
Chromium increases the sensitivity of insulin for it to carry the sugar into your tissues hence less blood sugar. It is by no means a cure for diabetes.

Protein in eggs as with any other proteins can turn into glucose in your blood stream. Furthermore, biotin in egg white reduces the absorption of B vitamins.

Brewer's yeast does not have vitamin B12.

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Re: chromium & diabetes
« Reply #11 on: November 09, 2014, 12:44:22 AM »
Chromium increases the sensitivity of insulin for it to carry the sugar into your tissues hence less blood sugar. It is by no means a cure for diabetes.

Protein in eggs as with any other proteins can turn into glucose in your blood stream. Furthermore, biotin in egg white reduces the absorption of B vitamins.

Brewer's yeast does not have vitamin B12.
Thank-you Sam, for the response.  I am currently speculating that eggs are just plane bad for everyone's health and especially mine.

As for Brewer's Yeast not having vitamin B12. It just does not make sense, because fermentation tends to lead to vitamin B12 production.  So, I checked and found that yeast supposedly does have B12.
http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/custom/1323569/2
Try eating egg yokes only. Maybe there's an ingredient in egg white that is the culprit.
Thanks, Michel.  I think I am just going to forgo the egg as soon as I have consumed the last one in the refrigerator.  Trying to separate the yoke from the white is just more trouble that I am willing to go to.
« Last Edit: November 10, 2014, 03:56:56 PM by Jhanananda »
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Re: chromium & diabetes
« Reply #13 on: November 09, 2014, 02:55:23 PM »
Thank-you, gandarloda, for the useful links.  I had always been under the impression that brewer's yeast, and Nutritional yeast were the same thing; however, your first link tells us differently, so I checked with Wikipedia.
Quote from: wiki
Nutritional yeast is a deactivated yeast, often a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is sold commercially as a food product. It is sold in the form of flakes or as a yellow powder and can be found in the bulk aisle of most natural food stores. It is popular with vegans and vegetarians and may be used as an ingredient in recipes or as a condiment.[1]

It is a source of protein and vitamins, especially the B-complex vitamins, and is a complete protein. It is also naturally low in fat and sodium and is free of sugar, dairy, and gluten. Sometimes nutritional yeast is fortified with vitamin B12.

Nutritional yeast has a strong flavor that is described as nutty, cheesy, or creamy, which makes it popular as an ingredient in cheese substitutes. It is often used by vegans in place of cheese.[2] It can be used in many recipes in place of cheese, such as in mashed and fried potatoes, and atop scrambled tofu. Another popular use is as a topping for popcorn.[3]

Nutrition

Nutritional values for nutritional yeast vary from one manufacturer to another. On average, two tablespoons provides 60 calories with 5 g of carbohydrates (of which 4 g is fiber). A serving also provides 9 g of protein and is a complete protein, providing all nine amino acids the human body cannot produce. It is also a source of chromium, selenium and potassium. While fortified and unfortified nutritional yeast both provide iron, the fortified yeast provides 20 percent of the recommended daily value, while unfortified yeast provides only 5 percent. Unfortified nutritional yeast provides from 35 to 100 percent of all of the B vitamins, except for B12. Fortified nutritional yeast adds 150 percent of vitamin B12 and 720 percent of riboflavin.[6]

Because nutritional yeast is often used by vegans, who need to supplement their diets with vitamin B12, there has been confusion about the source of the B12 in nutritional yeast. Yeast cannot produce B12, which is only naturally produced by bacteria. Some brands of nutritional yeast, though not all, are fortified with vitamin B12. When fortified, the vitamin B12 is produced separately (commonly cyanocobalamin) and then added to the yeast.[7][8]

Although some species of bacteria that can produce B12 could potentially grow along with S. cerevisiae in the wild, commercially produced nutritional yeast is grown in controlled conditions that would normally not allow those bacteria to grow. Therefore, nutritional yeast should not be relied upon as a source of B12 unless it is fortified.
Glutamic acid

Nutritional yeast products do not have any added monosodium glutamate; however, all inactive yeast contains a certain amount of free glutamic acid because when the yeast cells are killed, the protein that comprises the cell walls begins to degrade, breaking down into the amino acids that originally formed it. Glutamic acid is a naturally occurring amino acid in all yeast cells, as well as in many vegetables, fungi and meats.
Quote from: wiki
Brewing yeasts may be classed as "top-cropping" (or "top-fermenting") and "bottom-cropping" (or "bottom-fermenting").[44] Top-cropping yeasts are so called because they form a foam at the top of the wort during fermentation. An example of a top-cropping yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sometimes called an "ale yeast".[45] Bottom-cropping yeasts are typically used to produce lager-type beers, though they can also produce ale-type beers. These yeasts ferment well at low temperatures. An example of bottom-cropping yeast is Saccharomyces pastorianus, formerly known as S. carlsbergensis.

Decades ago, taxonomists reclassified S. carlsbergensis (uvarum) as a member of S. cerevisiae, noting that the only distinct difference between the two is metabolic. Lager strains of S. cerevisiae secrete an enzyme called melibiase, allowing them to hydrolyse melibiose, a disaccharide, into more fermentable monosaccharides. Top- and bottom-cropping and cold- and warm-fermenting distinctions are largely generalizations used by laypersons to communicate to the general public.[46]

The most common top-cropping brewer's yeast, S. cerevisiae, is the same species as the common baking yeast.[47] Brewer's yeast is also very rich in essential minerals and the B vitamins (except B12).[48] However, baking and brewing yeasts typically belong to different strains, cultivated to favour different characteristics: baking yeast strains are more aggressive, to carbonate dough in the shortest amount of time possible; brewing yeast strains act slower but tend to produce fewer off-flavours and tolerate higher alcohol concentrations (with some strains, up to 22%).
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Re: chromium & diabetes
« Reply #14 on: November 09, 2014, 03:49:46 PM »
A word of caution. Those with tendency of hypertension should not take yeast for it's nutritional values as it could lead to high blood pressure. Especially for those who are in pre-diabetic or diabetic condition. Best to take egg yolks as suggested by Michel. Hawthorn is very good for hypertension as it de-calcify the arteries and also can get rid of high uric acid.

Here is an easy way of separating egg yolks from the whites.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_AirVOuTN_M