Abstract
Aims
To describe a) the association between alcohol consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and b) the impact of alcohol on the glycemic control with and without anti-diabetic drugs.
Data synthesis
We searched MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library data base with the key words “Diabetes Mellitus, type 2” and “Alcohol Drinking” in English-language studies in adults. For the first part of the review we selected meta-analyses, review articles and observational studies more recent than year 1990 including at least 1000 participants. For the second part of the review we included all articles more recent than year 1990. Most observational studies find a J-shaped association between alcohol intake and incidence of T2D. Interestingly, drinking pattern plays a role, i.e. binge drinking increases the risk of T2D. Opposing information exists about the influence of beverage type. In T2D the acute effects on plasma glucose, insulin, fatty acids and triglyceride vary, in part depending on concomitant intake of food. Acute alcohol intake does not induce hypoglycemia in diet treated T2D, but increases the risk of hypoglycemia in sulphonylurea treated patients. In most studies, long-term alcohol use is associated with improved glycemic control in T2D.
Conclusions
Alcohol consumption reduces the incidence of T2D, however, binge drinking seems to increase the incidence. Acute intake of alcohol does not increase risk of hypoglycemia in diet treated subjects with T2D, only when sulphonylurea is co-administered. Long-term alcohol use seems to be associated with improved glycemic control in T2D probably due to improved insulin sensitivity.
Alcoholic Drink Amounts and Cirrhosis (http://www.livestrong.com/article/487756-how-many-drinks-per-day-cause-cirrhosis-of-the-liver/)This means for health:
The number of alcoholic drinks it takes to cause liver damage resulting in cirrhosis varies greatly from person to person, according to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC). Over several years, consuming as few as two to three drinks each day may cause liver damage and cirrhosis in women, reports the NDDIC; for men, having three to four drinks per day can lead to cirrhosis. Examples of one drink include 1.5 oz. of 80-proof liquor, 12 oz. of beer or 5 oz. of wine. According to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, women who choose to drink should have a maximum of one alcoholic drink per day to avoid adverse health consequences such as cirrhosis. Men shouldn't exceed two drinks per day.
Guidelines for moderate alcohol use (http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/alcohol/art-20044551)
If you choose to drink alcohol, do so only in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women of all ages and men older than age 65, and up to two drinks a day for men age 65 and younger.
Examples of one drink include:
Beer: 12 fluid ounces (355 milliliters)
Wine: 5 fluid ounces (148 milliliters)
Distilled spirits (80 proof): 1.5 fluid ounces (44 milliliters)
| FOOD CHROMIUM CONTENT FOOD (micrograms per 100 grams of food) Egg yolk 183 Brewer's yeast 112 Beef 57 Cheese 56 Liver 55 Wine 45 Bread, wholemeal, wheat 42 Black pepper 35 Rye bread 30 Chilli, fresh 30 Apple peel 27 Potatoes, old 27 Oysters 26 Potatoes, new 21 Margarine 18 Spaghetti 15 Cornflakes 14 Spirits 14 Butter 13 Spinach 10 Egg white 8 Oranges 5 Beer 3-30 Apples, peeled 1 |
Soaking and fermenting beans and grains is critical. If I look only at my own experience, If I boil dry kidney beans, I get an upset stomach for the day along with lots of gas. If I were to soak the beans for 36 hours, switching the water at regular intervals, then any gastrointestinal issues disappear.
The same can be said with all legumes and various grains, like oats. The best way to consume oatmeal is to soak the grains overnight, then boil for a couple minutes on the stove. I have also made sourdough cultures for breads, and find it to be very simple.
Another example of good fermented food is fermented soybeans. This is what they eat traditionally in japan, and they owe their long lives to this food (natto). I previously recommended this, or nattokinase as a compound within it as a good natural and preventive treatment against heart attacks/strokes. I heard it also prevents agglutination of blood as a result of high sugar intake, so I am recommending it to my father who has type 2 diabetes. I've taken it for the past month and it seems to have helped a lot for me. One thing to note is that it is a strong anti-clotting agent, so it shouldn't be taken with any kind of anti-clot. But the great thing about it is that there are no side-effects as it is a rather 'natural' supplement.
Your Body Is a Conglomerate of Microorganisms
In more recent years, scientists have discovered just how important your microbiome is for health.
Indeed, some have suggested your body can best be viewed as a "super organism" composed of a diverse array of symbiotic microorganisms that need to be kept in proper balance for optimal physical and psychological functioning.
You have approximately 1,000 different species of bacteria living in your body, and these bacteria actually outnumber your body's cells by 10 to 1. You also harbor viruses (bacteriophages), and they in turn outnumber bacteria 10 to 1.
They've even realized your microbiome is one of the environmental factors that drive genetic expression, turning genes on and off depending on which microbes are present.
Research suggests many are deficient in beneficial gut bacteria, making it a very important consideration if you're not feeling well, physically or psychologically.